Proposal Skripsi Translation

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TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF BIOLOGICAL TERMS IN BILINGUAL BIOLOGY 1 STUDENT TEXT BOOK YEAR X

I.                   Background of the Research

In this era of information and technology, English has become vital as the international or global language. Most countries all over the world are trying to raise the ability of their people to use English effectively. Many information and knowledge come from a lot of sources in this entire world such as text book, newspaper, and magazine use English. Moreover, mastering English language is being a requirement in several companies. Realizing the importance of English, English must be learnt since childhood. Though the status of English is a foreign language, English has been thought from primary school to university.  

On December 12, 1967, the Minister of Education issued Decree No 096/1967, stipulating English as the first foreign language to be taught in Indonesian schools (Pusat Pembinaan &Pengembangan Bahasa, 1984, p.126). Alwasilah (1997, p.89) reported that:

Since the Independence of Indonesia in 1945, English has been formally taught only from the secondarylevel to the university level. However, in anticipation of political, economic, educational and cultural globalisation, the Government of Indonesia introduced the 1989 National Education Law which required that English should be taught in primary schools beginning at Grade 4.

Recently, in review of Tentang Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional, Fahriza (2009) estimates that the number of the International-standard schools in 2009 reached 260. It includes 100 of Senior High Schools, 100 of Junior High Schools and 60 of elementary school.

In the International-standard schools, English has been introduced as instructional language. The English student text books are also used for medium of instruction in the International-standard schools. To make teacher and student learn English student books easy, the process of translating is needed. Translation is very valuable for people who do not understand foreign language to get the information.

The process of translating is related to the process of transforming the message in Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL). As cited by Catford (1996, p.20) defined “a translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”. In transferring the message, the translator should produce the best translation.  It is generally accepted that the best translations are produced by persons who are translating into their own native language.

Translation is the correct way to solve the problem for teachers and students who do not master English very well. Some text books are written in two versions, English as Source language and Indonesia as Target language. One of the text books that use two languages is Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X.

In Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X, the text is written in English then it is translated into Indonesian. Not only the language of the book but all biological terms on the book also should be translated to target language too. However, a good translation not only must be accurate but also grammatically correct when translate the text. As Tytler (1962, p.9) stated that a good translation created by translator who gives a complete ideas of the original works, the style and manner of writing should be of the same character of the original, and translation should have all the ease of original composition. So, good translators must pass an extraordinary array qualification (Weber, 1984, p.1).

In this case, the translator of the book should know how to translate biological terms accurately and naturally because one of the keys to being successful in biology is being able to understand the terminology (Suardana, 2010).

In translating text, the translator uses several procedures of translation. Translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they formulate equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT) (Delisle, 1999, p.139). More than one procedure can be seen in one translation, and some translations may result from a cluster of procedures that is difficult to discern. It is not always possible to translate the segments with equivalent structures. That is the reason why translators often use several procedures in order to assure the translation of a determined text.

There are different translation procedures that are commonly used namely: literal, transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through translation, shifts or transpositions, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, couplets, and notes, addition, glosses (Catford, 1965; Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958; Larson, 1984; Newmark, 1988; Delisle, 1999).     

Since understanding biological terms are the key of being successful in learning biology (Suardana, 2010), the research will observe the translation procedure of biological terms found on Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X. Translating biological terms is not easy because it needs more effort and thinking in the terms to avoid inappropriateness. The problem is whether the point of the information from English can be appropriately rendered Indonesia or not and which procedure was used by the reasons, this research is important to decrease inappropriate render or misinterpretation in translating biological terms.

II.        Reasons for Choosing the Topic

            Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X will be chosen for the research since the book is useful for teacher and student. Furthermore, one of the important things that should be learnt by students is biological term. Because of the importance of learning biological terms, the research will analyze the procedure of the translating biological terms.

III.       Limitation of the Research

Based on the background above, the paper only analyzed the translation of biological terms classified into noun and noun phrase on Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X.

 Actually, Bilingual Biology Student Text book is also published for year XI and XII. Because of the time for researching is limited, finally Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X is chosen in the research. Although the paper only research biological terms on Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X, but the paper is expected can be useful.

Bilingual Biology Student Text book is analyzed to find out the translation procedures. The translation procedures that are used by the translator based on Catford (1965); Vinay and Darbelnet (1958); Larson (1984); Newmark (1988); Delisle (1999), there are literal translation, naturalization, transference, synonymy, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, through translation, transposition, cultural equivalent or adaptation, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, and notes, additions, glosses.

IV.       Research Questions

This study will attempt to answer the following questions:

1.        What are the most dominant biological terms are found in Bilingual Biology1 Student Text Book?

2.        What is the most dominant translation procedure are found in the book?

3.        How is the quality (appropriateness) of the translation?

V.        Aims of the Research

Regarding to the research questions that have been mention before, the research will try:

1.        To find out the most dominant biological terms are found on the book. 

2.        To find out the dominant types of the translation procedures found in the target text.

3.        To find out the appropriateness of the used translation procedures theories.

VI.       Significance of the Study

There are three essential significance of the study:

1.        This study is expected to enrich the finding of previous researches. It is expected to add new information, knowledge and understanding about translation procedures of biological terms in the student text book.

2.        This study is expected to give academic input to other translators of how to identify the problems, find out the problem solution during the translation process.

3.        The result of this study is expected to guide the reader and the researcher in developing translation analysis on translation procedures.

VII. Previous Research

Actually, this research is not the first research that observes translation procedures. Several researches in Indonesian University of Education are also observed translation procedures. Though the theory used on the research is similar, but the object of the researches is different.

One research paper that will support the research is written by Eka Novita Kaniawati (2009) and Fachwinalia Keumala (2009). Both researches are observed translation procedures with the object are the terms on philosophical article and computer networks. In her paper Translation Procedures of Philosophical Terms in the Article “Pandangan Hidup” by Tan Malaka, Kaniawati (2009) only classified translation procedures on translating philosophical terms without finding the dominant terms on the article. However, Keumala (2009) only presented the number of translation procedures.

Different with previous research, the research will find the dominant terms used in the book. This observation aims to know why the dominant terms are often used and it will be connected with the syllabus. Besides that, all biological terms on the book will be classified into its origin language such as English origin terms and foreign language origin terms. It is conducted since most of biological terms are borrowed from English and other foreign language. After classifying based on the origin terms classification, the research will find out the dominant translation procedures used on each origin words. Based on the data, the characteristic of translating borrowing terms from English and foreign language will be classified.

VIII. Research Method

The research will present some data in order to complete the research and will use a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data because the goal of this method is to describe the facts, characteristics, and relationship of the researched elements. Bogdan and Biklen  (Anggraeni, 2004, p.37) states that there are five features of qualitative method:

The natural setting is the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument in qualitative research; qualitative data are collected in the form of words or picture rather than numbers; Qualitative researchers are concerned with process as well as product; Qualitative researchers tend to analyze their data inductively; How people make sense of their lives is a major concern to qualitative researches.

In addition, Moleong (1995, p.6) says that qualitative research is descriptive, which means that the analyzed data and its findings are in the forms of descriptions, instead of numbers. Therefore, it is clear why this method is chosen.

A descriptive method will be applied in presenting the data, analysis, and its findings. This method is the most appropriate method because it will systematically and factually describe and illustrate the characteristics and the connection between the phenomena studied (Gay L. R. in Anggraeni, 2004, p.37).

Descriptive methods is appropriate for this study because the goal of this study is systematically, factually, and accurately describes or illustrates the fact, characteristics and relationship of the researched element.

VIII.    Data Resources

The data of the research will be collected from Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X since it provides many biological terms.

IX.       Data Collection and Analysis

            In doing the research, some steps in collecting data were applied as follow:

a.       Reading closely the Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book.

b.      Identifying the biological terms of English version and its translated version in Bahasa Indonesia.

c.       Collecting the biological terms of English version and its translated version in Bahasa Indonesia.

d.      Classifying the terms into English origin terms and other foreign language origin terms.

e.       Counting the frequency of the dominant biological terms that is frequently found in the book.

f.       Categorizing the data to find the translation procedures applied by translator by using the procedures of translation.

g.      Analyzing and interpreting the data to find the translation procedures applied by the translator by using the procedures of translation in each.

h.      Determining the percentage by presenting all numeric data as simple scaling for translation procedures by using this formula:

P = f/N x 100%

P = Percentage

F = Frequency of translation procedures

N = Overall number of translation

i.        Asking seven biology teachers who teach in International school for the justification of the biological term translation – in order to see the appropriateness of the translator’s chosen procedures – because there has not been a particular procedure to translate a biological term. The justification is identified by four criteria which are poor (if the terms are not translated correctly, cannot be understood by TL reader, and not sound natural in target language), fair (if the meaning of the translation is correct, cannot be understood by TL reader, and not sound natural in target language), good (if the meaning of the translation is correct, can be understood by the TL reader, but not sound natural in target language), and excellent (if it is rendered completely and correctly, understandable, easy to be read by the reader, and sound natural in target language). Besides that, the terms will also be checked by Kamus Biology Lengkap (Abercrombie, 1993).

j.        Making conclusions.

X. Clarification Terms

In this research there are several terms that need to be defined as follows:

a.         Translation: rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended (Newmark, 1988, p.5; Munday, 2000, p.5; Nida and Taber, 1969). In this paper, the translator translates the meaning of the source language into the receptor language of the Bilingual Biology1 Student Text Book. 

b.        Translation procedures: methods applied by translators when they formulate equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text (ST) into the Target Text (TT) (Delisle, 1999, p.139).

c.         The term of biology is derived from the Greek; bios means life, and logos means study (Priadi, 2009, p.7). So biology defines as the scientific study of life and living organisms. However, Abercrombie (1993, p.63) defined biology as the study that has connected with the characteristic and interaction of physical and chemical system that is complicated.

XI. Organization of paper

This paper will present in several chapters, noted as follows:

Chapter One: Introduction

This chapter will consist of the background of the study, statements of the problem, limitation of the study, aims of the study, significance of the study, methodology and procedure of the study, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.

Chapter Two: Theoretical Foundation

Chapter II will focus on literature review which provides information to investigate research problems. The theories are focused on translation definitions, theory of translation, translation procedures, characteristics of a good translation and general criteria evaluation in language functions.

Chapter Three: Research Methodology

This chapter will contain methodology and procedure used in the study. Comprising of research design gives the description of descriptive study. Qualitative method and research procedure notify the data collection and data analysis of the study.

Chapter Four: Findings and Discussion

This chapter will contain the data analysis of the terms found in the student text book along with the writer’s interpretation of the result based on the theories given previously.

Chapter Five: Conclusion and Suggestion

It will contain the conclusion of the result of the study that comprises of the interpretation of the process, data analysis and outcome of the research, also suggestions for those people who will conduct studies related to this study.