Mungkin banyak mahasiswa Sastra Inggris yang masih bingung bagaimana membuat proposal skripsi. Berikut ini contoh proposal skripsi saya yang
TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF
BIOLOGICAL TERMS IN BILINGUAL BIOLOGY 1 STUDENT
TEXT BOOK YEAR X
I.
Background
of the Research
In
this era of information and technology, English has become vital as the
international or global language. Most countries all over the world are trying
to raise the ability of their people to use English effectively. Many
information and knowledge come from a lot of sources in this entire world such
as text book, newspaper, and magazine use English. Moreover, mastering English
language is being a requirement in several companies. Realizing the importance
of English, English must be learnt since childhood. Though the status of
English is a foreign language, English has been thought from primary school to
university.
On
December 12, 1967, the Minister of Education issued Decree No 096/1967,
stipulating English as the first foreign language to be taught in Indonesian
schools (Pusat Pembinaan &Pengembangan Bahasa, 1984, p.126). Alwasilah
(1997, p.89) reported that:
Since the
Independence of Indonesia in 1945, English has been formally taught only from
the secondarylevel to the university level. However, in anticipation of
political, economic, educational and cultural globalisation, the Government of
Indonesia introduced the 1989 National Education Law which required that
English should be taught in primary schools beginning at Grade 4.
Recently,
in review of Tentang Sekolah Bertaraf
Internasional, Fahriza (2009) estimates that the number of the International-standard
schools in 2009 reached 260. It includes 100 of Senior High Schools, 100 of
Junior High Schools and 60 of elementary school.
In
the International-standard schools, English has been introduced as
instructional language. The English student text books are also used for medium
of instruction in the International-standard schools. To make teacher and
student learn English student books easy, the process of translating is needed.
Translation is very valuable for people who do not understand foreign language
to get the information.
The
process of translating is related to the process of transforming the message in
Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL). As cited by Catford (1996,
p.20) defined “a translation is the replacement of textual material in one
language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”. In
transferring the message, the translator should produce the best
translation. It is generally accepted
that the best translations are produced by persons who are translating into
their own native language.
Translation
is the correct way to solve the problem for teachers and students who do not
master English very well. Some text books are written in two versions, English
as Source language and Indonesia as Target language. One of the text books that
use two languages is Bilingual Biology 1
Student Text Book Year X.
In
Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book
Year X, the text is written in English then it is translated into
Indonesian. Not only the language of the book but all biological terms on the
book also should be translated to target language too. However, a good
translation not only must be accurate but also grammatically correct when translate
the text. As Tytler (1962, p.9) stated that a good translation created by
translator who gives a complete ideas of the original works, the style and manner
of writing should be of the same character of the original, and translation
should have all the ease of original composition. So, good translators must
pass an extraordinary array qualification (Weber, 1984, p.1).
In
this case, the translator of the book should know how to translate biological
terms accurately and naturally because one of the keys to being successful in
biology is being able to understand the terminology (Suardana, 2010).
In
translating text, the translator uses several procedures of translation.
Translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they formulate
equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source
Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT) (Delisle, 1999, p.139). More than one
procedure can be seen in one translation, and some translations may result from
a cluster of procedures that is difficult to discern. It is not always possible
to translate the segments with equivalent structures. That is the reason why
translators often use several procedures in order to assure the translation of
a determined text.
There
are different translation procedures that are commonly used namely: literal,
transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent,
descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through translation, shifts or
transpositions, modulation, recognized translation, translation label,
compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase,
couplets, and notes, addition, glosses (Catford, 1965; Vinay and Darbelnet,
1958; Larson, 1984; Newmark, 1988; Delisle, 1999).
Since
understanding biological terms are the key of being successful in learning
biology (Suardana, 2010), the research will observe the translation procedure
of biological terms found on Bilingual
Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X. Translating biological terms is not
easy because it needs more effort and thinking in the terms to avoid
inappropriateness. The problem is whether the point of the information from
English can be appropriately rendered Indonesia or not and which procedure was
used by the reasons, this research is important to decrease inappropriate
render or misinterpretation in translating biological terms.
II. Reasons
for Choosing the Topic
Bilingual
Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X will be chosen for the research since the
book is useful for teacher and student. Furthermore, one of the important
things that should be learnt by students is biological term. Because of the
importance of learning biological terms, the research will analyze the
procedure of the translating biological terms.
III. Limitation of the Research
Based on the background above, the paper only
analyzed the translation of biological terms classified into noun and noun
phrase on Bilingual Biology 1 Student
Text Book Year X.
Actually, Bilingual Biology Student
Text book is also published for year XI and XII. Because of the time for researching is limited, finally Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X
is chosen in the research. Although the paper only research biological terms on
Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book
Year X, but the paper is expected can be useful.
Bilingual
Biology Student Text book is
analyzed to find out the translation procedures. The translation procedures
that are used by the translator based on Catford (1965); Vinay
and Darbelnet (1958); Larson (1984); Newmark (1988); Delisle (1999), there are
literal translation, naturalization, transference, synonymy, reduction and
expansion, paraphrase, through translation, transposition, cultural equivalent
or adaptation, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, modulation, recognized
translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, and notes,
additions, glosses.
IV. Research
Questions
This study will attempt to answer the following
questions:
1.
What are the most dominant biological
terms are found in Bilingual Biology1
Student Text Book?
2.
What is the most dominant translation
procedure are found in the book?
3.
How is the quality (appropriateness) of
the translation?
V. Aims
of the Research
Regarding
to the research questions that have been mention before, the research will try:
1.
To find out the most dominant biological
terms are found on the book.
2.
To find out the dominant types of the
translation procedures found in the target text.
3.
To find out the appropriateness of the
used translation procedures theories.
VI. Significance
of the Study
There are three essential significance of the study:
1.
This study is
expected to enrich the finding of previous researches. It is expected to add
new information, knowledge and understanding about translation procedures of
biological terms in the student text book.
2.
This study is
expected to give academic input to other translators of how to identify the
problems, find out the problem solution during the translation process.
3.
The result of
this study is expected to guide the reader and the researcher in developing translation
analysis on translation procedures.
VII. Previous Research
Actually,
this research is not the first research that observes translation procedures.
Several researches in Indonesian University of Education are also observed translation
procedures. Though the theory used on the research is similar, but the object
of the researches is different.
One
research paper that will support the research is written by Eka Novita
Kaniawati (2009) and Fachwinalia Keumala (2009). Both researches are observed
translation procedures with the object are the terms on philosophical article
and computer networks. In her paper Translation
Procedures of Philosophical Terms in the Article “Pandangan Hidup” by Tan
Malaka, Kaniawati (2009) only classified translation procedures on
translating philosophical terms without
finding the dominant terms on the article. However, Keumala (2009) only
presented the number of translation procedures.
Different
with previous research, the research will find the dominant terms used in the
book. This observation aims to know why the dominant terms are often used and
it will be connected with the syllabus. Besides that, all biological terms on
the book will be classified into its origin language such as English origin
terms and foreign language origin terms. It is conducted since most of
biological terms are borrowed from English and other foreign language. After
classifying based on the origin terms classification, the research will find
out the dominant translation procedures used on each origin words. Based on the
data, the characteristic of translating borrowing terms from English and
foreign language will be classified.
VIII. Research Method
The
research will present some data in order to complete the research and will use
a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data because the goal of this
method is to describe the facts, characteristics, and relationship of the
researched elements. Bogdan and Biklen
(Anggraeni, 2004, p.37) states that there are five features of
qualitative method:
The natural setting
is the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument in
qualitative research; qualitative data are collected in the form of words or
picture rather than numbers; Qualitative researchers are concerned with process
as well as product; Qualitative researchers tend to analyze their data
inductively; How people make sense of their lives is a major concern to
qualitative researches.
In
addition, Moleong (1995, p.6) says that qualitative research is descriptive,
which means that the analyzed data and its findings are in the forms of
descriptions, instead of numbers. Therefore, it is clear why this method is
chosen.
A
descriptive method will be applied in presenting the data, analysis, and its
findings. This method is the most appropriate method because it will
systematically and factually describe and illustrate the characteristics and
the connection between the phenomena studied (Gay L. R. in Anggraeni, 2004, p.37).
Descriptive
methods is appropriate for this study because the goal of this study is
systematically, factually, and accurately describes or illustrates the fact,
characteristics and relationship of the researched element.
VIII. Data Resources
The data of
the research will be collected from Bilingual
Biology 1 Student Text Book Year X since
it provides many biological terms.
IX. Data Collection and Analysis
In
doing the research, some steps in collecting data were applied as follow:
a.
Reading closely the Bilingual Biology 1 Student Text Book.
b.
Identifying the biological terms of English
version and its translated version in Bahasa Indonesia.
c.
Collecting the biological terms of English
version and its translated version in Bahasa Indonesia.
d.
Classifying the terms into English origin terms
and other foreign language origin terms.
e. Counting
the frequency of the dominant biological terms that is frequently found in the
book.
f. Categorizing
the data to find the translation procedures applied by translator by using the
procedures of translation.
g.
Analyzing and interpreting the data to find the
translation procedures applied by the translator by using the procedures of
translation in each.
h.
Determining the percentage by presenting
all numeric data as simple scaling for translation procedures by using this
formula:
P
= f/N x 100%
P
= Percentage
F
= Frequency of translation procedures
N
= Overall number of translation
i.
Asking seven biology teachers who teach
in International school for the justification of the biological term
translation – in order to see the appropriateness of the translator’s chosen
procedures – because there has not been a particular procedure to translate a
biological term. The justification is identified by four criteria which are
poor (if the terms are not translated correctly, cannot be understood by TL
reader, and not sound natural in target language), fair (if the meaning of the
translation is correct, cannot be understood by TL reader, and not sound natural
in target language), good (if the meaning of the translation is correct, can be
understood by the TL reader, but not sound natural in target language), and
excellent (if it is rendered completely and correctly, understandable, easy to
be read by the reader, and sound natural in target language). Besides that, the
terms will also be checked by Kamus
Biology Lengkap (Abercrombie, 1993).
j.
Making conclusions.
X. Clarification Terms
In this research there are several terms that need
to be defined as follows:
a.
Translation:
rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the
author intended (Newmark, 1988, p.5; Munday, 2000, p.5; Nida
and Taber, 1969). In this paper, the
translator translates the meaning of the source language into the receptor
language of the Bilingual Biology1
Student Text Book.
b.
Translation
procedures: methods applied by translators when they formulate
equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source
Text (ST) into the Target Text (TT) (Delisle, 1999, p.139).
c.
The term of biology is derived from
the Greek; bios means life, and logos means study (Priadi, 2009, p.7). So biology defines as the scientific study of life and
living organisms. However, Abercrombie (1993, p.63) defined biology as the
study that has connected with the characteristic and interaction of physical
and chemical system that is complicated.
XI. Organization of paper
This paper will
present in several chapters, noted as follows:
Chapter
One: Introduction
This chapter
will consist of the background of the study, statements of the problem,
limitation of the study, aims of the study, significance of the study,
methodology and procedure of the study, clarification of the terms, and organization
of the paper.
Chapter
Two: Theoretical Foundation
Chapter II will focus on literature review
which provides information to investigate research problems. The theories are
focused on translation definitions, theory of translation, translation procedures,
characteristics of a good translation and general criteria evaluation in
language functions.
Chapter
Three: Research Methodology
This chapter
will contain methodology and procedure used in the study. Comprising of
research design gives the description of descriptive study. Qualitative method
and research procedure notify the data collection and data analysis of the
study.
Chapter
Four: Findings and Discussion
This chapter
will contain the data analysis of the terms found in the student text book along
with the writer’s interpretation of the result based on the theories given
previously.
Chapter
Five: Conclusion and Suggestion
It
will contain the conclusion of the result of the study that comprises of the
interpretation of the process, data analysis and outcome of the research, also
suggestions for those people who will conduct studies related to this study.
